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The one thing that sticks out as a positive note is how seriously the western tribes took the possibility of falling back into sin. This had been something that plagued Israel for years, and something that would continue to plague them in their future.
God had commanded Israel not to offer burnt offerings or sacrifices at any location except the tabernacle (Lev 17:8-9) and not to worship other gods (Deu 13:12-15). The punishment for violating both laws was death, and this is why Israel gathered … to go to war against their brethren.
Nelson’s New Illustrated Commentary
One of the main reasons this altar would have raised so much suspicion among the other tribes is because their main altar was formed in Shiloh to serve everyone in unity. In their minds, the only reason why these tribes near the river would form a new altar is if it was not dedicated to the Lord. So, to their credit, the western tribes were upset, not only that this could have been a false altar, but also because it would damage the unification that was taking place through the Shiloh altar.
Fortunately, those who were challenging this altar construction investigated the situation before jumping to conclusions. This was a wise move. How many today assume a position after only hearing a few details or reading a headline? Phinehas and 10 leaders went personally and recognized that God was among them. In fact, this altar was constructed as a preventative measure (a sign) for future generations who may be tempted to turn away from God. It was truly a rare and pleasant surprise!
The Transjordan tribes respond passionately that they are innocent of any rebellion or breach of faith. The section shows them innocent of anything malicious; they never intended to use this altar for sacrifices to God Himself, let along to other gods. Rather, they intended it only as a memorial or witness for their children, and their concern is the same as that of the tribes west of the Jordan: that the unity of Israel be maintained.
Nelson’s New Illustrated Commentary